Safety Management System in the Airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Safety Management System in the Airline - Essay Example In this paper, the consequences of a poor safety culture on the effectiveness of an airline organisation namely Southwest Airlines will be taken into concern. Moreover, the procedures to detect or measure a poor safety operational culture along with setting effective plans in order to improve a safety culture in the organisation will also be portrayed in the discussion. Consequences of a Poor Safety Culture in the Airline The notion of safety culture is considered to be the ‘engine’ which drives the procedure towards the objective of preserving the utmost resistance in relation to any operational associated hazards in relation to airline industry. The consequences of a poor safety operational culture are the occurrence of individual as well as organisational accidents which in turn impose considerable impact upon the effectiveness of a particular airline organisation such as Southwest Airlines. ... In this context, it can be said that the chief kinds of human error include decision and skill-based faults. The pilot of a respective airline can make a rule-based mistake which ultimately results in the person to take a wrong decision that ultimately causes the crash. From the viewpoint of the skill-based errors, the accidents are duly caused due to the malfunction of the memory or the attention of the pilot about a particular operational function (Shappell & Wiegmann, 2004). The effect of the individual accidents leads to huge damage to the people. Along with the individual accidents, organisational linked accidents can take place in the systems of an organisation like Southwest Airlines. The chief reason for the occurrence of organisational accidents is the lack of technological innovations. It involves various people who work at different functioning levels within the organisation. The crucial effect of organisational accidents often disturbs the entire working procedure of the airline organisation such as Southwest Airlines which ultimately puts huge amount of people into danger (Reason, 1998). For instance, the cause of Lexington Plane Crash which occurred in the year 2006 was human error that can be considered as a type of individual accident. In this regard, it has been viewed that the pilot involved in the crash used the wrong pathway to take off the plane or flight which ultimately led towards the crash. The effect of this plane crash led to the death of 49 people and posed tremendous negative impact upon the business image as well as the customer service linked facilities of the organisation by a considerable level (ThinkReliability, 2011). Detection or

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Rresearch proposal Essay According to Karen A. Matthews, Ph. D (2009), people who are engaged in multiple enjoyable activities are better off physically and psychologically .This statement of Karen A.Matthews is indirectly stating that one must not frustrate himself working too much .There is a need to enjoy and relax in order to become a better person . Students who are dedicated on their studies spend a lot of time thinking about their studies, doing their assignments and constructing their projects. They focus almost all of their time in doing academic stuff in order for them to step up and achieve their goals as students. These kind of students are the students that are in demand for different scholarship programs. These are the students of International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC), an organization which is dedicated to maritime industry ,have . The International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC) aims to promote physically, mentally, emotionally, socially and spiritually developed cadets through the IMEC Cadetship Programme in partnership with the University of Cebu–Maritime Education and Training Center (UC-METC). The IMEC Cadets are provided with all their needs from board and lodge, food, uniform, tuition and recreational facilities. The IMEC cadets have their own recreational or leisure room that can be used during free times. They spend their leisure time in different activities .They play board games and ball game or watch television .They have the freedom to choose whether if they are going to play or rest . Different types of activities may produce an impact to the academic performance of the IMEC Cadets .It may be desirable or undesirable effects. The proponents chose to do the study for the reason that in doing so; hopefully, it will help the proponents to leisure activities and academic performance of The International Maritime Employers’Council (IMEC) Cadets. This study of leisure activities and academic performance of The International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC) Cadets will hopefully become a medium to open up new ideas to improve the status of the IMEC Cadets, IMEC Administrators, Instructors and the society. This study will provide answers that cannot be stated through surface analysis, but by providing valid information and data that will show the correlativity of leisure activities and academic performance of IMEC Cadets. Theoretical Background Compensatory Theory of Leisure (Burch, 1994).The main idea of the compensatory theory is that â€Å"work is seen as the dominant force in life, and leisure is seen compensating for either the boredom or the excitement of the job.† (Bammel Bammel, 1992) This theory can explain some of the leisure behavior seen in modern society. For example people exciting jobs often seek relaxation after work. It seems from that mostly people with an extreme level of either boredom or excitement in their job fall under this theory. This indicates that this approach has some relevance for modern society. On the other hand, this theory cannot explain why the school teacher becomes a sports trainer in his free time or why a dentist is also a passionate watchmaker. ( Haecker, 2002) The compensatory hypothesis suggests that whenever the individual is given the opportunity to avoid his regular routine, he will seek a directly opposite leisure activity such as music, art, community involvement, and physical fitness for relaxation, broadening of knowledge, and spontaneous social participation. (Burch, 1994) Spillover Theory of Leisure (Wilensky, 1996). Spillover Theory is the antithesis to the compensatory theory. It states leisure somehow parallels or results from work activity. It suggests that work has a strong impact on the worker’s personality and therefore also determines his leisure behavior. This means that a teacher gets used to teaching so much that he cannot help continuing it after work. ( Haecker, 2002) These last two theories equal Kelly’s approach to leisure as contextual, which sees leisure embedded in habits, relationships and social arrangements like work. (Kelly, 2000) This theory, too, explains some parts of modern leisure behavior. A lot of people do things similar to their work in their free time, some even regard their work leisure. But like the compensatory theory it can only explain parts of modern leisure behavior. There seem to be more variables involved. (Haecker, 2002).More positively, the worker may enjoy work so much that its basic themes are repeated in leisure pastimes. For example, a student who enjoys long hours of reading books also has a hobby of collecting books or other reading paraphernalia that may lead to discovery of more knowledge which can improve his rational skills and academic performance. Moreover, for student populations, participation in leisure activities is also believed to be a benign mechanism for fighting social ills such as drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and other deviant behaviour (Vicary, Smith, Caldwell, Swisher, 1998). Another positive effect of participation in leisure includes the broadening of an individual’s perspective on the world of work (Munson Savickas, 1998). Munson (1993) conducted a survey of 251 American youths and found that the stronger the perceived freedom in leisure, the higher the leisure participation, conviction, and value. Moreover, the higher the perceived freedom, the less likely that participation in activities would be restricted by exogenous factors. More importantly, investigations by Munson and Widmer (1997) and Munson and Savickas (1998) indicate that significant relation-ships exist among thinking and contemplating, ethical leisure behaviour, and occupational identity; that is, the more those students involve themselves in intellectual and creative leisure activities, the better they advance in occupational identity development with clear career goals. In an environment immersed with pragmatism, leisure activities have traditionally been treated as a residual issue in the cultivation of students, while the idea that leisure and career roles reciprocally influence each other (Super, 1984) is generally neglected. Fitzgerald, Joseph, Hayes, and O’Regan (1995) suggest that an understanding of youth and young adults’ leisure activities and interests can help further our knowledge of their individual needs, development, and social world. Self-development Theory (Dumazedier, 1992).This is based on Dumazedier ´s tripartite theory of leisure, consisting of three functions of leisure: relaxation, entertainment, and personal development. He supposes that there will be a time when personal growth, not working for a living, will be life’s primary motivator. Here, relaxation is a prerequisite for leisure, as we need to overcome fatigue, entertainment is the diversion aspect of leisure, and finally personal development is the enduring component of leisure (Bammel Bammel, 1992). Bammel and Bammel state that this approach has found its way into modern society, as most people regard work less important than personal growth. More and more workers make use of the possibility of sabbaticals for self-development, and for many young students not the money they will earn with their future job, but the satisfaction they hope to find there, seems to be the major influence on the choice of study. But even though modern people have more free time than ever before, Bammel Bammel state, â€Å"with additional free time, many workers simply increase their television-watching time†. This means that most people will only realize the first two steps of Dumazedier ´s tripartite theory: relaxation and entertainment. For many people this is what leisure means: easy entertainment. To achieve self-development some reflection and â€Å"work† on oneself is necessary, and this does not fit into a lot of people’s perceiving of leisure. Similar from conservative- Marxist perspective, Dumazadier (1974 cited in Rojek 1995) defines leisure as time orientated towards self-fulfilment as an ultimate end. However, this leisure time is granted to the individual by society, when they have complied with his occupational, family, socio-spiritual and socio-political obligations, which makes leisure a necessary element of social order as an opportunity for free time activities contribute to well-being of individual and society. Furthermore, Kaplan (1984 cited in Rojek 1995) claims that the leisure is the primary value of mankind in industrial society as it is â€Å"a relatively self-determined activity experience that falls into economically free-time roles ; that is psychologically pleasant in anticipation and recollection; that potentially covers the whole range of commitment and intensity; that contains characteristic norms and constraints; and that provides opportunities for recreation, personal growth and service to others † (Kaplan 1975 cited in Rojek 1995). (Zurawik, 2012) Perspectives on Leisure `Leisure is defined as freedom from paid labour or as a voluntary behavior (Rojek 2005). Developing this concept, Mannell and Kleiber(1997) state that leisure is commonly characterised as an activity in time free from obligations, which provides meaningful and satisfying experience identified with freedom, choice and life satisfaction. In 1974, John Neulineger created a model classification of the perceived freedom and fundamental motivation dimensions. Neulinger identified a criterion of leisure as a perceived freedom- a state in which a person feels that what they are doing is done by choice and because they want to do it (Neulinger, 1981 cited in Mannell, Kleiber 1997:126). He also distinguished between intrinsic- rewards coming from engaging in activity itself, which can be explained by self –determination theory; and extrinsic motivation- engagement in activity leads to other rewards (money, grades). According to Neulinger’s typology when activity is freely chosen for intrinsic reasons it is called a pure leisure. At the opposite extreme there is activity least leisure like – pure job. Neulinger’s pure job also known as Godbey’s anti-leisure is â€Å"an activity which is undertaken compulsively, as a means to an end, from a perception of necessity, with high degree of externally imposed constrains, with considerable anxiety, with high degree of time-consciousness, with minimum of personal autonomy, and which avoids self- actualization, authentication and finitude† (Neulinger 1989 cited in Rojek 1995). Following this socio- psychological perspective, Kaplan (1960 cited in Rojek, 2005 p. 80) identified seven essential elements of pure leisure experience: psychological recognition of activity which is antithesis of work, identification of leisure with pleasure, minimum involuntary role obligation, psychological perception of freedom, inclusion of an entire range of responses from inconsequence and insignificance to weightiness and importance, general psychological recognition of play, identification of activity as being close to the values of culture. (Zurawik, 2012) Review of Related Literature This part presents the literatures that have bearing on the concerns of the study. A number of pieces of literature, documents, pamphlets, handouts, unpublished theses were perused and analyzed to provide the necessary framework of this study. Ideas, insights, theories, conclusions and recommendations advanced by these papers were cited as authorities of the study. Related Studies The study of Hickerson, Benjamin D. and Beggs, Brent A. (1992), about Leisure time boredom: issues concerning college students, examined the impact of boredom on leisure of college students in relation to gender, level of education, and activity choice. Subjects at a Midwestern university completed the Leisure Boredom Scale and a modified version of the Leisure Activities Blank. No significant differences were found between overall levels of leisure boredom and the three independent variables. However, examinations of individual Leisure Boredom Scale items indicated specific differences. Hultsman, 1993).For many young adults, the college years are a period of expanding freedoms and focusing interests (Gitelson Thomason, 1992). College is seen as the last stage of formal education for most people and it is also one of the last structured opportunities for individuals to form leisure time behavior patterns before they move into the workforce (Cheng et al., 2004). The college environment has a unique influence on leisure behavior, including different patterns of free time availability and the acquisition of new activities. Leisure participation in college students has long-term ramifications as it molds attitudes and behaviors leading to continued recreation participation in later life (Gordon Catalbiano, 1996). Students who do not have leisure skills, cannot manage leisure time, or are not aware that leisure can be psychologically rewarding are more likely to be bored during leisure (Hickerson, et al., 2007). The study of American Journal of Health Studies Publisher (2000) investigated the interrelationship among academic stress, anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction among 249 university undergraduates by age and gender. Time management behaviors had a greater buffering effect on academic stress than leisure satisfaction activities. Freshmen and sophomore students had higher reactions to stress than juniors and seniors. Anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction were all predictors of academic stress in the multivariate analysis. Anxiety reduction and time management in conjunction with leisure activities may be an effective strategy for reducing academic stress in college students. A disturbing trend in college student health is the reported increase in student stress nationwide (Sax, 1997). Stressors affecting students can be categorized as academic, financial, time or health related, and self-imposed (Goodman, 1993; LeRoy, 1988). Academic stressors include the students perception of the extensive knowledge base required and the perception of an inadequate time to develop it (Carveth, Gesse, Moss, 1996). Students report experiencing academic stress at predictable times each semester with the greatest sources of academic stress resulting from taking and studying for exams, grade competition, and the large amount of content to master in a small amount of time (Abouserie, 1994; Archer Lamnin, 1985; Britton Tesser, 1991; Kohn Frazer, 1986). When stress is perceived negatively or becomes excessive, students experience physical and psychological impairment (Murphy Archer, 1996). Methods to reduce stress by students often include effective time management, social support, positive reappraisal, and engagement in leisure pursuits (Blake Vandiver, 1988; Mattlin, Wethington, Kessler, 1990). Leisure satisfaction is defined as the positive feeling of contentment one perceives as a result of meeting personal needs through leisure activities (Seigenthaler, 1997). Although relationships among some leisure domains and perceived stress have been studied in a variety of settings involving retirees to school-related settings (Kabanoff OBrian, 1986; Kaufman, 1988; Pickens Kiess, 1988; Ragheb McKinney, 1993; Tice Baumeister, 1997), relationships between leisure satisfaction and academic stress of college students have not been addressed directly. The only scientific research that specifically related leisure satisfaction to academic stress was that of Ragheb and McKinney (1993), who established a negative association between academic stress and leisure satisfaction. A limitation of this study, however, was that it measured academic stress using seven items that were extracted inclusively from occupational stress inventories (Misra, 2000). The above literature suggests that the tendency to structure ones time and leisure satisfaction may be an important factor in reducing academic stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationship (and predictors) of college students academic stress with anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. It was hypothesized that academic stress would show a significant positive correlation with anxiety, and a significant negative correlation with self-reported time management behaviors and leisure satisfaction of college students. A person engaging more frequently in time management behaviors will report fewer physical and psychological symptoms of stress. The greater satisfaction with leisure that students indicate the lower their perceived academic stress will be (Misra, 2000). The Journal Expanding Opportunities for Young People and Communities explains that young people’s discretionary time is worth a significant amount of attention, partly because it is a potential breeding ground for youth problems, but mainly because it presents endless possibilities for constructive development. It is critical that a positive vision of leisure time activities be put forward and defined, and that time and care be given to specifying how such time should be used and why it should be protected (World Youth Report, 2003). International plans and commitments such as the Dakar Youth Empowerment Strategy offer such a positive vision, taking a clear stand against severe infringements on young people’s right to free time. Most have their source in the promise of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, amplifying, reiterating and expanding on the following basic provisions of article 31:1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, toengage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age ofthe child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts. 2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child toparticipate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage theprovision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity (World Youth Report, 2003). Echoing these international commitments, a developing body of research—and a growing choir of advocates and practitioners—emphasize the importance of play and recreation for younger children. Leaders in child development have long identified play as critical space for children’s cognitive, identity, and social/emotional development (World Youth Report, 2003). Research indicates that the specific types of thinking and problem solving involved in play provide valuable skills for the future. Researchers, therapists, and childcare practitioners have made play a central element of their work with children, with demonstrated impact. While the nature of â€Å"play† may change as (especially Western) young people get older—with increases in peer leisure and time spent talking for some and in structured recreational and sports activities for others—it appears to be no less critical to adolescents than to younger children. Though the precise effects are not certain, time spent informally with peers and adults in activities such as talking and playing is likely to result in both stronger social networks and stronger social skills for adulthood (World Youth Report, 2003). The physical exercise and habits associated with sports and recreation, again in concert with the social skills and relationships gained through such activities, constitute an important input to young people’s health. Adolescents’ play and recreation, though defined differently in cultures around the world, has intrinsic value (World Youth Report, 2003). The shift from a negative view of leisure to a positive vision that emphasizes the value of leisure in its own right is a critical first step towards protecting young people’s right to discretionary time and to quality leisure activities. This message is important for developing and least developed countries, where economic pressures often propel young people into the labour force at an early age; it is equally important for highly industrialized countries concerned about improving academic performance (World Youth Report, 2003). Around the world, the amount of time young people spend in work has decreased, replaced by a larger amount of time in school. In the developing countries, school generally occupies a relatively small amount of young people’s time. In much of Asia, however, the combination of a longer school day, an expansive network of non-school academic enrichment programmes (many geared towards test preparation), and more time dedicated to homework means that up to half of young people’s time is spent in academic pursuits. In developed countries, frustration with educational reform efforts and continued pressure for academic achievement has resulted in an explosion of academic after-school programmes (World Youth Report, 2003). At the heart of this international phenomenon is an important fact: young people’s learning need not—and does not—stop at the end of the school day. Their leisure time provides a rich opportunity for learning and a particularly rich climate in which to facilitate the development of lifelong learners. Pushing for more â€Å"time on task†, many programmes simply replicate the teaching practices used during the school day and extend them into young people’s leisure time, despite growing evidence that â€Å"more of the same† is both unproductive and developmentally dangerous (World Youth Report, 2003). Research supervised by Deborah Vandell(2003) shows that young people in Thailand who were involved in high-yield arts and cultural activities that had reading, writing and mathematics as the â€Å"hidden curriculum† rather than the lead curriculum not only performed better on State tests than those enrolled in strict content-drill programmes, but were also emotionally healthier. This study speaks to a tension that is developing, at least in the United States, challenging the belief that academic outcomes are best bolstered by the application of formal school-derived practices during out-of-school hours (Vandell, 2003). Based on research findings such as these, there is growing recognition that learning during leisure hours cannot appear identical to that inside of schools and, equally important, an increased willingness to describe learning as a primary goal for leisure-time activities. The ideas of â€Å"serious leisure† and â€Å"leisure education† put forward by World Leisure in its Charter for Leisure and other documents imply a set of principles, professional standards, practices and pedagogical orientations that are distinct from but complementary to what goes on in formal education settings (World Youth Report, 2003). The model of learning put forward by J. Falk and L. Dierking goes further in specifying the contextual, personal and social factors in place when young people participate in learning that is volitional, recreational, and engaged in as a form of self-fulfillment. Falk’s and Dierking’s framework for freechoice learning, developed through investigation focusing largely on museums, is one of a number of research-and-practice efforts to underscore the unique nature of learning that happens during leisure. Other efforts push even further in defining the specific features of environments that support young people’s leisure-time learning and development (World Youth Report, 2003). International documents including â€Å"Programming for adolescent health and development: report of the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health† and Adolescence: A Time That Matters, published by UNICEF, and country documents such as the New Zealand Ministry of Youth Affairs’ Youth Development Strategy Aeteatoa, published in 2002, present a set of common features of environments that support young people’s development. Research and synthesis by M. McLaughlin, by J.P. Connell, M.A. Gambone and T.J. Smith, by the Forum for Youth Investment, and, most recently, by the National Research Council confirms that there are core principles relevant to learning that goes on during leisure time—principles applicable to schools as well but not consistently presen t within them (World Youth Report, 2003). This set of central principles—in reality, conditions for effective learning and engagement— includes, inter alia, the presence of caring relationships, challenge and relevance, choice and voice, high expectations, physical and emotional safety, and experiences of â€Å"mattering† and contribution. This research and practice goes far in validating and clarifying the significance of leisure-based learning. Research results indicate that community-based leisure-time settings may actually be more effective than schools in engaging students in learning (World Youth Report, 2003). A study by R. Larson (2002) indicates that young people are only cognitively and emotionally engaged a small amount of the time, even though such engagement is a critical precondition to learning. Importantly, this combination of cognitive and emotional engagement is far more likely to happen in structured, voluntary leisure-time settings than during school. Apparently, the blend of principles that make leisure-based learning what it is offers a powerful model for engagement and achievement. Based on these findings, stating that leisure time provides an opportunity for learning represents a richer and more promising claim than the argument that students should spend more time doing what they do in school. As indicated by the research just described, the â€Å"how† (pedagogy) of learning during leisure is significantly different. The â€Å"what† of learning—the appropriate content for learning that goes on outside school hours—is also different (Larson, 2002). As both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Dakar Youth Empowerment Strategy acknowledge, leisure time is critically a space in which young people express themselves creatively, take part in arts and cultural activities, and develop as individuals. Culture, creativity, and identity are central, defining features of the content of learning during leisure time. Research confirms that leisure time is important in helping young people achieve a broad range of positive outcomes, as follows: social/emotional development, engagement, vocational development, engagement, civic development, engagement, physical development, and engagement (World Youth Report, 2003). Social/emotional development and engagement: the ability to respond to and cope with both positive and adverse situations, reflect on one’s emotions and surroundings, engage in leisure and fun, and sustain caring friendships and relationships with others. Vocational development and engagement: acquiring the functional and organizational skills necessary for employment, including an understanding of careers and options and the pathways to follow to reach these goals. Physical development and engagement: biological maturation and the evolving ability to act in ways that best ensure current and future physical health for oneself and others. Cognitive development and engagement: the ability to gain basic knowledge, to learn in school and other settings, to use critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative and expressive skills, and to conduct independent study. Civic development and engagement: the growing recognition of one’s impact on one’s surroundings and responsibility to others, as well as the ability and opportunity to work collaboratively towards a common goal. Leisure is a developmental opportunity and an imperative. Larson argues that adolescence, including leisure time during this period, should be defined and understood as a time of preparation for family life, employment, good citizenship, lifelong learning and personal fulfilment.It also provides an opportunity for the development of communities and societies (World Youth Report, 2003). Young people are more likely to engage fully in learning if the learning environment incorporates structured leisure time activities .Research shows that leisure time has a number of positive outcomes for individuals involved-including the ability to:react and solve diverse problems –which include emotional and environmental reflection, active relaxation; maintaining friendship or relationship with others;acquire needed functional and employment skills; growth and physically healthy; acquire basic knowledge through education-this includes the development of critical thinking and problem solving skills;be socially raised and involved / participate fully in civil upbringing (World Youth Report, 2003). Leisure time, therefore, provides an opportunity for personal growth.Larson and Verma (1999) points out that ‘the period of adolescence’ needs to be understood as a preparation stage for employment ,family and civil life , lifelong learning ,personal development , and future achievements . Other studies agree that :young people who regularly take part in community programmes achieve better academic and social endeavors ;young people who do not spend time in extra-corricular activities have 57% more chance of dropping out of school(Eccles et al.,1999,cited in World Youth Report, 2003) (Livazovic, 2011). The study of how leisure improves health and boost mood which appears in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine: Journal of Biobehavioral Medicine. For the study, 1,400 adults reported how often they participated in a variety of leisure activities, including spending time unwinding, visiting friends or family, going on vacation, going to clubs or religious activities or playing sports. Adults with higher scores — indicating the most time spent in different leisure activities — had lower blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index and cortisol measurements, all markers of good health. People who spent more time doing diverse leisure activities also reported stronger and more diverse social networks, more feelings of satisfaction and engagement in their lives and lower levels of depression. Those who logged the most leisure time also slept better and exercised more consistently, the authors say. Other studies have examined the link between specific activities, such as exercise, and improved physical and psychological health, but this is the first to show that the accumulation of multiple sources of enjoyable activity benefits health, Matthews said. The study outcomes add to what we know about the connection between body and mind, said Kathy Richards, Ph.D., a registered nurse and professor of health promotion at the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Nursing in Philadelphia (Sutton, 2009). Another study of Schooler C, Mulatu MS(1999) of Section on Socio-Environmental Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA by using data from a representative longitudinal survey, the authors provide strong evidence that complex leisure time activities increase intellectual functioning for workers and nonworkers. Although the effects were relatively moderate, both the present article and its predecessor on the effects of paid work (C. Schooler.Mulatu, Oates. 1999) showed that, even in old age, carrying out complex tasks has a positive effect on intellectual processes. In both cases, initially high levels of intellectual functioning led to high levels of environmental complexity, which in turn raised levels of intellectual functioning, thus providing a pathway contributing to the high correlation of intellectual functioning over a 20-year period in middle and late adulthood. The present findings indicate that even in old age carrying out substantively complex tasks builds the capacity to deal with the intellectual challenges such complex environments provide. (Mulatu, 1999) Leisure activities feel like rain shower during scorching heat. Leisure is the time to be together with your friends and family and to have fun. Devoting some time for leisure helps in staying healthy and achieving a peace of mind. Leisure activities serve as a way of relaxing and as researches have shown recreation on a daily basis reduces stress, sharpen skills improves mental and physical health and improves the quality of life (Jade, 2012). Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the leisure activities and academic performance of International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC) Cadets in University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center during the school year 2012-2013. Specifically, it seeks to provide answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the respondents according to: 1.1 age; 1.2 course; 1.3 year level; 1.4 first semester grades (2012-2013)? 2. What activities do IMEC cadets do during leisure times in terms of the following: 2.1 board games; 2.2 physical related activities; 2.3 watching TV or playing computer games; 2.4 other activities? 3. What is the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activity? 4. What is the academic performance of the respondents according to their first semester (2012-2013) grade point average? 5. Is there a significant relationship between the profile, leisure activities and the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activity? 5.1 profile; 5.2 leisure activities; 5.3 degree of attachment of the respondents to their leisure activity? Statement of the Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activities Ho: There is no significant relationship between the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activities and academic performance of the respondents Significance of the Study This study leisure activities and academic performance of International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC) Cadets will be a significant endeavor that will help the IMEC Cadets, IMEC Administrators, Instructors and the future researcher, the researcher, the academe and the university in order to efficiently handle each role. IMEC Cadets. The proposed study serves to IMEC Cadets as their reference in distinguishing whether the leisure activities they are attached are contributing for their better academic performance or not. It will help the cadets to identify the best activities they must choose and prioritize during leisure time. This study will also determine the length of time the cadets must occupy in doing their leisure activities. Lastly, this study will provide solutions to their common problems in relationship with the leisure activities and their academic performance. IMEC Administrators. The proposed study can help the IMEC Administrators to formulate and establish new rules and regulations in relation with the leisure activities.By this study they will come up with more suitable rules that will enhance the students’ academic performance with regards to the cadets leisure activities. And lastly, the Administrators will become aware of what facilities for leisure activities suit for enhancing the academic performance of the cadets. Instructors .The proposed study will help instructors to have a deeper understanding to the relationship of leisure activities to their student academic performance and become aware of its effects. This will also serve as a guideline for the teachers on what activities to promote for their students better academic performance. The Academe.The proposed study can be a great help in the academic society to illuminate the significant relationship of leisure and academics. This will become hopefully an important basis for setting standards in the academic world. The University. The proposed study will provide some insights and information on how the university is going to develop new teaching approach and to improve the university’s standards in academic in relation with the leisure activities. This study will also encourage them to choose the proper equipment and facilities to improve the IMEC Cadets and the students’ academic performance. The Researchers. The proposed study will help the researcher to know the present status of the IMEC Cadets in relation with the leisure activities and academic performance. Future Researchers. The proposed study will benefit and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also open in development and improvement of this study. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This section contaiins the well-organized account of the research design, research dependents, research instruments, research procedure s and treatment of data. Research Design This study will use the descriptive-correlation survey method of investigation to achieve the results that the researchers required. Descriptive-correlation survey method because this study aims to provide information and data about the relationship between two or more variables . The choice of this research design ensures that the study will not result to anything insignificant. Preparations and efforts will come up to a quality and a reliable research output. Research design refers to the plan of action in meeting the objectives of the study. It will involve collecting of data in order to test a hypothesis or find out answers concerning the present status of the subject under study. It is also concerned with conditions of relationship that exist. Research Environment The researchers will conduct the study in University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center (UC-METC) and on the International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC) institution. University of Cebu has improved from its opening in 1964 which was formerly known as Cebu College of Commerce (CCC) to Cebu Central Colleges in 1972 through the hard work and effort of Atty. Augusto W. Go. The UC-METC is a University of Cebu campus that specializes in training and educating world classseafarers. It is one of the outstanding maritime universities in the Philippines and is accredited by the Det Norske Veritas (DNV).It is positioned near the sea with an 8-hectare area accommodating multiple facilities necessary for the seafarers of the future. The exact address of this well-resourced and well-equipped institution is Alumnos, Mambaling Cebu City Philippines. International Maritime Employers’ Council was formerly known as International Maritime Employers’ Committee (IMEC). IMEC commenced activities at the University of Cebu-Maritime Education Center (METC) in the University of Cebu in 2008, by sponsoring an initial 50 cadets .The programme has steadily grown from strength to strength and now has more more than 300 cadets. The IMEC office is located at I-Building, 2nd Floor, Alumnus, Mambaling, Cebu City and the cadets are boarding at UC-METC Dorm 2, Alumnus, Mambaling, Cebu City . Research Respondents The respondents of this research study are the International Maritime Employers’ Council (IMEC) Cadets of University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center (UC-METC) in the school year 2012-2013 who are scholars with full free grant from their respective companies. They are taking Bachelor ofScience Marine Transportation and Bachelor Science in MarineEngineeringcourses. Research Instruments The instruments used in this study are questionnaires that are given to the respondents who are spending their leisure time on different leisure activities and varying first semester (2012-2013) point grade average. The questionnaire contains different questions that will allow the researchers to obtain their required data for the research. The questionnaire also contains the profile of the respondent. The nature of research instrument was researcher made. Research Procedure The researcher–made instrument will be used in order to gather data about the respondents. The researchers will also ask the full cooperation of the respondents in filling up and answering the researcher-made questionnaires based on their self-assessment. By tabulating and interpreting the data of the respondents show, the researchers will be able to correlate their leisure activity and academic performance. Since leisure activity is one of the major factors that affect the students’ academic performance, the researchers have decided to conduct a study on leisure activities and academic performance of the students to identify the significant correlation of the respondents’ leisure activities and academic performance. Gathering of Data The researchers will start gathering the data by initiating a unique intellectual forum wherein researchers have to argue and agree to whom and where will the study be conducted. The researchers have decided to conduct the study in University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center wherein the respondents are the students from the International Maritime Employers’ Council taking up Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation and Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering. The researchers will seek a written approval from the Maritime Superintendent, Capt. Arnel N. Malaga and from the selected respondents to conduct a study about Leisure Activities and Academic Performance of the Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation cadets of International Maritime Employers’ Council. of University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center. Before the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents, the researchers consulted Mr. Elven B. Lorca to validate the research instrument. After taking up comments and suggestions from the expert validator, the researchers completely revised the research instrument ready for pilot testing. The respondents have been allowed to answer the research questionnaire provided that the researcher is present during the period. The information and data were collected and was able to classify and treated accordingly. Treatment of Data The data will be gathered and treated accordingly. The profile and kinds of leisure activities will be treated with simple percentage. The level of engagement will be dealt by calculating the weighted mean. The significant relationship between variables will be dealt using Chi-square test. After the tabulation, analysis and interpretation of the gathered data , the researchers will summarize the findings, conclusion and recommendation of the study . Definition of Terms The following are the definitions of key terms based on how they are used in this study. Academic Performance.In this study, this is the respondents’ school academic performance based on their average point grades in the first semester (2012-2013). Degree of Attachment. It is the level of frequency of performing the activity of the respondents. Board Games.This is a kind of activity which the respondents perform on their leisure activity which involves the mental aspects. IMEC CADETS/International Maritime Employers’ Council Cadets.In this study they are the scholars which are selected as the respondents of the study. Leisure Activity. This is where the respondents perform their free time in different ways. Physical Related Activities. This is an activity the respondents perform which involves the physical aspects. Profile. This is the respondents’ personal background. LIST OF REFERENCES Books Haecker, Sabine, (2002), The Meanings of Leisure Mulatu,Schooler C, MS (1999)Section on Socio-Environmental Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA. Parker, S.,.and Lawrence, L., 2002. Leisure studies: trends in theory and research. Eastbourne: Leisure Studies Association. Rojek, C., 2005. Leisure theory: principles and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Rojek, C., 1995. Decentring leisure: rethinking leisure theory. London: Sage. Journals World Youth Report (2003) The Global Situation of Young People,Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations,NY,ISBN Sutton, Amy (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine: Journal of BiobehavioralMedicine, Health Behavior News Service. Livazovic,Goran( 2011)University of J.J., occasional papers in education and lifelong learning: an international journal volume 4. Strosmayer in Osijec, Republic of Croatia Internet Sources Babcock, P., Marks, M. (2010). Leisure college, USA. Retrieved from http:// www.econ.ucsb.edu/papers/wp02-10.pdf Chan, J. B., May, D. T. (1999). The impact of leisure options on the frequency and spontaneous communication production of a young child with multiple disabilities. Retrieved from http://contents.bjdd.net/Iss88/88-3.PDF Kraus, R. (2000). Basic concepts of play, leisure, and recreation. Retrieved from http:// www.courseweb.uottawa.ca/lsr3515/PDF/lecture5.pdf Moksnes, U. K., Moljord, I. E. O., Espnes, G. A., Byrne, D. G. (2009). Leisure time physical activity does not moderate the relationship between stress and psychological functioning in Norwegian adolescents. Retrieved from http://ntnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:408593/FULLTEXT02 Nonis, S. A., Hudson, G. I. (2006). Academic performance of college students: Influence of time spent studying and working. Retrieved from http:// www.fatih.edu.tr//study/ Sirakoulis, K., Deffner, A. (2002). Urban youth leisure, time use research and quality of life: The comparison of leisure preferences of university students in athens and larissa, Greece. Retrieved from http://www-sre.wu- wien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa06/papers/916.pdf Wu, H. C., Liu A., Wang C. H. (2001). Taiwanese university students’ perceived freedom and participation in leisure. Retrieved from http:// www.ntcu.edu.tw/hcwu/51/47.pdf APPENDICES AppendixA Letter to the Respondents February 14, 2013 Dear Respondents: We, a group of students of University of Cebu – Maritime Education and Training Center, will be conducting a study entitled, Leisure Activities and Academic Performance of International Maritime Employers’ Council Cadets of University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center. In this regard, we would like to request for your cooperation in answering this questionnaire, rest assured that we will treat all responses provided with utmost confidentiality. CURRICULUM VITAE A. PERSONAL DATA Name: Caleb L. Geverola Age: 18 Civil Status: Single Home Address: Cansuje, Argao, Cebu City Address: Dorm 2 UC-METC AlumnosMambaling Cebu city Date of Birth: January 13, 1995 Place of Birth: Cansuje, Argao, Cebu Nationality: Filipino B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT YEAR ATTENDED Primary : Nug-as Elementary School 2001-2007 Secondary: Calagasan Nat’l High School 2007-2011 Tertiary : University of Cebu-METC 2011-2015

Megans Law Essay -- Megans Law Violence Sex Crime Criminals

Megan’s Law   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people think of their neighbors, do they think of violent sex crime offenders? Many people have to deal with this every day of life. There are now laws that inform people of a community when a sex crime offender moves into their town. These laws are said to keep violent sex crime offenders from striking again, but do these laws really work is the question that many people ask? The answer all depends on the opinion of the person who is being asking. Many supporters say that the law is keeping sexually violent predators from striking again, but many critics say that the law is unethical and breaks many amendments. This is another question proposed when the topic of Megan’s Law is brought up, is it breaking any of the amendments or is it necessary for community members to know whether a sex crime offender is living is in their neighborhood? The judge who was deciding this case ruled in favor of the critics, that Megan’s Law was in violation of the Constitution. But then finally President Bill Clinton stepped in and created a total package called the Jacob Wetterling Act. This Law was said to almost end all of the Sex crime cases to come in the future, but did it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Megan’s Law has once played an intricate part in the life of my family members. In 1995 my aunt a resident of a nearby suburb of Seattle, Washington encountered a scenario which involved the notification of sex offenders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She resided next to what appeared to be a pleasant and friendly bachelor. He was very out going and kind to the people in the community. The residents of the community had no idea he was once a child molester about to move in on his next victim. After living five months in this small community he sexually abused a seven year old girl. After going to jail citizens of the community discovered this was not his first offense. This brought great controversy in the notification of sex offenders in communities also known as Megan’s Law. Megan’s Law is said to be one of the most controversial topics among lawyers today. In this paper one will see how Megan’s Law is enforced, how the name came about, the regulations of Megan’s Law, how the federal government stepped in and created laws enforcing sex crime offenders to register with the town’s Police, some brief opinions of the people on how they would react if they knew that a sex crime offender moved i... ...w is one of the most controversial topics among lawyers today. Whether you are a supporter or a critic of Megan’s Law, every person is entitled to their own opinion over the issue. I know that if I had children I would sure like to know if there was a convicted Sex crime offender or a Child molester living in my community. Works Cited Aseltine, Peter. "Megan’s Law Upheld, With Limitations." Trenton Times, 23 February 1995. Bai, Matt. "A Report From the Front in the War on Predators." Newsweek, 19 May 1997: 67. Jerome, Richard. "Megan’s Legacy." People Magazine, 20 May 1995: 46-51. Mader, Anthony. "Megan’s Law." Trenton Times, 18 May 1996. Martens, Steven. "Law Gives Parents False Sense of Security." Iowa State Daily, 19 October   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1995. Reno, Janet. "Final Guidelines for Megan’s Law." 17 November 1999. Saunders, Stephanie Cara. "Megan’s Law." 19 November 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shank, Joshua Wolf. " Do Megan’s Laws make a difference." U.S. News and World Report, 9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 1998: 27. Verniero, Peter. "A Citizen’s Guide to Megan’s Law." 18 November 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Psychology of Racism Essay

In 1892, a shoe maker named Homer Plessy from New Orleans Louisiana was arrested for refusing to transfer to a railroad car designated for the dark-colored population in the East Louisiana Railroad after he sat in a first class railroad car meant for the white-skinned constituents of the state. Plessy appealed that he should be considered white since only 1/8 of him was African American as it was substantiated in his heritage. According to him, by forcing him to transfer to a different car, the authorities were violating the 13th and 14th Amendments of the United States Constitution which impedes slavery and segregation. From local custody to Supreme Court, Plessy was tried and accused of civil disobedience (Elliot, 2009). The arbiters of the court exhibited linear cognition which disregarded Plessy’s plea of violation of rights and obstinately favored Luoisiana’s claim that they did not violate such Amendment of the United States Constitution since they have the right to imply regulations and policies in railroad stations that are within their state. The case was denied of opportunities to be studied sufficiently as the justices esteemed and acknowledged that the act of separating the races under impartial rights should be abided, setting aside the sentiments of the colored inhabitants. II In South Campton County Virginia, a group of African American slaves initiated a rebellion that killed about 57 white men, women and children before the military forces and a number of armed civilians were able to arrive and take control. Angered by the murder of almost more than 50 innocent lives, vigilantes eradicated dozens of slaves who were not involved in the insurrection and exiled hundreds of free colored people from their land. The leader of the insurrection was a literate African American slave named Nat Turner who claimed he saw visions of God telling him to commit this act of violence, and with his extraordinary power of persuasion, he was able to compel other slaves to join him. After Turner’s surrender on October 30, 1831, he and his men were executed. (Bernier, 2010) Following the death of Nat Turner, a year of debate relating to the status of the African American slaves congested the Virginia General Assembly. Although it was considered that they should be relieved from their abject duties as slaves, a systematic arrangement for their freedom was never formed. Nat Turner’s act of rebellion caused that an anti-literacy law be passed which diminished the African American slaves’ freedom to communicate and have the opportunity to be educated, thus, almost completely mutilating their already restricted rights. From that historical event which became known as Nat Turner’s Rebellion or South Campton Insurrection, it can be analyzed that it might not only be a visionary or a delusioned man’s whim that caused such barbaric deeds but possibly an act or cry for liberation. Unequal treatment, enslavement for the rest of a man’s life and forced labor for very minimal or no wage at all, these are acceptable factors that can be considered as parts of a motive for the rebellion in South Campton. III In 1803, a British convict settlement was established in a Tasmanian aborigini inhabited island called Van Diemen’s Land. A total of of 65,000 convicted men and women were settled in the island of which most of them were cruelly traumatized and extremely violent. Due to the incompetent procedure of punishment, convicts were able to take flight into the Tasmanian hinterland where they exerted the fullness of their brutality and thirst of blood upon the aboriginis of the island (Turnbull, 1948) Symbolically and appropriately, this event in history can be described as a case of rape as the innocent aborigines were violated of their rights and freedom to live accordingly. Not only were they conquered and treated as slaves in their own land but they were exterminated and murdered like animals. They were robbed of their privilege as humans and left their race at the brink of their extinction. References Bernier, C. M. (2010) Slave Heroism in the Transatlantic Imagination. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Elliot, M. (2009) Color Blind Justice: Albion Tourgee and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Turnbull, C. (1948) Black War : The Extermination of the Tasmanian Aborigines. Melbourne:

Indian Independence Movement Essay

The Constitution of India is the Supreme Law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest[ written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 448 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 97 amendments. Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. Dr B.R. Ambedkar is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of India officially became the modern and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the country’s fundamental governing document. The Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them. The words â€Å"socialist† and â€Å"secular† were added to the definition in 1976 by constitutional amendment.[ India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day | Background Main article: Indian independence movement The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1757 to 1947. The impact of economic, political and social exploitation during this period helped the gradual rise of the Indian independence movement to gain independence from foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown. The Indian constitution is the world’s longest constitution. At the time of commencement, the constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of almost 80,000 words and took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to build. In the United Kingdom the office of the Secretary of State for India was the authority through whom Parliament exercised its rule (along with the Council of India), and established the office of Viceroy of India (along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British Government). The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded participation of Indians in the government. Government of India Act 1935 Main article: Government of India Act 1935 The provisions of the Government of India Act 1935, though never implemented fully, had a great impact on the Constitution of India. Many key features of the constitution are directly taken from this Act. The federal structure of government, provincial autonomy, a bicameral central legislature consisting of a federal assembly and a Council of States and the separation of legislative powers between the centre and states are some of the provisions of the Act which are present in the Constitution of India. The Cabinet Mission Plan Main article: 1946 Cabinet Mission to India In 1946, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee formulated a cabinet mission to India to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership as well as provide India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations.[6][7] The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. The Constituent Assembly of India first met and began work on 26 November 1946. The mission consisted of Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. However, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, did not participate. Indian Independence Act 1947 Main article: Indian Independence Act 1947 The Indian Independence Act, passed by the British Parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India into two new independent states, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until they had each finished drafting and enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Act also terminated British suzerainty over the princely states, each of which was left to decide whether to accede to one or other of the new dominions or to continue as independent states in their own right. However, in most cases the states were so dependent on central institutions that they were widely expected to accede to a dominion. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day. Constituent Assembly Main article: Constituent Assembly of India The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies.[8] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Purushottam Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women member Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is hailed as the prime architect of Indian Constitution The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachidanand Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946. Independent India India acquired independence on 15 August 1947 though sections of the country were carved out and stitched together to create another new country, Pakistan. The â€Å"institutional† road to independence was perhaps laid down by the Government of India Act of 1935, where the gradual emergence of India as a self-governing entity had first been partly envisioned. Following India’s independence in 1947, the Constituent Assembly deliberated over the precise constitutional future of India. On 26 January 1950, India became a Republic, and the Constitution of India was promulgated. Jawaharlal Nehru had become the country’s first Prime Minister in 1947, and in 1952, in the country’s first general election with a universal franchise, Nehru led the Indian National Congress to a clear victory. The Congress had long been the principal political party in India, providing the leadership to the struggle for independence, and under Nehru’s stewardship it remained the largest and most influential party over the next three decades. In 1957, Nehru was elected to yet another five-year term as a member of the Lok Sabha and chosen to head the government. His ‘regime’ was marked by the advent of five-year plans, designed to bring big science and industry to India; in Nehru’s own language, steel mills and dams were to be the temples of modern India. Relations with Pakistan remained chilling, and the purported friendship of India and China proved to be something of a hoax. China’s invasion of India’s borders in 1962 is said to have dealt a mortal blow to Nehru. Nehru was succeeded at his death on 27 May 1964 for a period of two weeks by Gulzarilal Nanda (1898-1998), a veteran Congress politician who became active in the non-cooperation movement in 1922 and served several prison terms, principally in 1932 and from 1942-44 during the Quit India movement. Nanda served as acting Prime Minister until the Congress had elected a new leader, Lal Bahadur Shastri, also a veteran politician who came of age during the Gandhi-led non-cooperation movement. Shastri was the compromise candidate who, perhaps unexpectedly, led the country to something of a victory over Pakistan in 1965. Shastri and the vanquished Pakistani President, Muhammad Ayub Khan, signed a peace treaty at Tashkent in the former Soviet Union on 10 January 1966, but Shastri barely lived to witness the accolades that were now being showered upon him since he died of an heart attack the day after the treaty was signed. Shastri’s empathy for the subaltern classes is conveyed through the slogan, â€Å"Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan†, â€Å"Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer†, which is attributed to him and through which he is remembered at Vijay Ghat, the national memorial to him in New Delhi in the proximity of Rajghat, the national memorial to Mohandas Gandhi.

Free Essays on Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods

â€Å"Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods† The documentary â€Å"Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods†, narrated by David Gyre, explores the ancient religion of Hinduism in it’s native India, elucidating its philosophies and offering first-hand accounts of its rituals and practices. By exposing western minds to the radically dissimilar mentality of Hinduism and the lifestyles if its practitioners, this film succeeds in explaining the central ideas of the practiced religion as well as the philosophy of Hinduism. Several of those concepts examined include: the many Gods and Goddesses; the ritual practice of image worship; and the lives of ascetics who denounce society and wander off alone in search of enlightenment. Throughout the fifty minutes of this film, Gyre introduces his viewers to the realities of rural Indian life; the modesty of their existence, their strife during difficult times of drought and famine, and the traditional caste system in which they live. Gyre explains the divergent practices of Hinduism throughout the country, the reverence of specific gods such as Krishna and Shiva, as well as the fundamental philosophies such as karma and reincarnation. By enforcing the idea that Hinduism is practiced differently, and has different meaning for every individual, Gyre succeeds in exposing the universal nature of Hinduism and its philosophy. In Hinduism, there are several main gods. Gyre introduces the audience to many of these deities, including Brahma, who is considered to be the creator God; he is traditionally depicted as having four faces, representing the four Vedas. The god Vishnu represents the preservation and salvation aspect of god, and is often represented as one of his ten avatars, or incarnations, such as Krishna or Rama. As Goddess worship in India can be traced back to the Indus Valley civilization, it is not difficult to imagine why he majority of Hindu gods are readily depicted in both art and lite... Free Essays on Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods Free Essays on Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods â€Å"Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods† The documentary â€Å"Three Hundred and Thirty Million Gods†, narrated by David Gyre, explores the ancient religion of Hinduism in it’s native India, elucidating its philosophies and offering first-hand accounts of its rituals and practices. By exposing western minds to the radically dissimilar mentality of Hinduism and the lifestyles if its practitioners, this film succeeds in explaining the central ideas of the practiced religion as well as the philosophy of Hinduism. Several of those concepts examined include: the many Gods and Goddesses; the ritual practice of image worship; and the lives of ascetics who denounce society and wander off alone in search of enlightenment. Throughout the fifty minutes of this film, Gyre introduces his viewers to the realities of rural Indian life; the modesty of their existence, their strife during difficult times of drought and famine, and the traditional caste system in which they live. Gyre explains the divergent practices of Hinduism throughout the country, the reverence of specific gods such as Krishna and Shiva, as well as the fundamental philosophies such as karma and reincarnation. By enforcing the idea that Hinduism is practiced differently, and has different meaning for every individual, Gyre succeeds in exposing the universal nature of Hinduism and its philosophy. In Hinduism, there are several main gods. Gyre introduces the audience to many of these deities, including Brahma, who is considered to be the creator God; he is traditionally depicted as having four faces, representing the four Vedas. The god Vishnu represents the preservation and salvation aspect of god, and is often represented as one of his ten avatars, or incarnations, such as Krishna or Rama. As Goddess worship in India can be traced back to the Indus Valley civilization, it is not difficult to imagine why he majority of Hindu gods are readily depicted in both art and lite...

Essay 1 (comparative) Essays - Broadway Musicals, Rent, Free Essays

Essay 1 (comparative) Essays - Broadway Musicals, Rent, Free Essays 1247555 The poetics of popular music October 7, 2014 Essay 1 Music means may different things to many different people. To the audience, a song is sometimes for four minutes of entertainment, but occasionally it is much more. At times, a song is a message from the artists perspective. The message coming from the artist can get so complicated that it is comprehensively lost on the listeners. For this essay, two songs Save the Last Dance for Me by Felder and Then he kissed me by Greenwich will compared according to their similar themes. The major theme used by Felder and Greenwich is about confidence on their beloved. Both these songs, have a strong point of view such as Felder tells us how the man looks out for his lover and Greenwich points out how the woman is treated by her man. Both of these the women are treated with care. The writer of Save the Last Dance for Me shows us that the partner trust his girlfriend by means, he lets her dance with another man in such as they can have fun and the man can hold her tight. The speaker tells us that Who gives you the eye, let him hold you tight (2). These lyrics means that the stranger can look at her in a way that communicates romantic interest, as for that a man who tells his lover that she can flirt with him shows lot courage to tell that. As for in Then He Kissed Me cites us that woman is not a shy character. In this song, she is not controlled by anyone but herself, stating that she showed a positive gesture by dancing and telling how she feels about the man. The writers informs us that I didnt know what to do/So I whispered I love you/And he said that he loved me too (13-15). It shows how the girl didnt hesitate to wait for few dates, but instead urges to tell him how she felt about him, is a sign of confidence . The two songs display several repetitions of phrases. The repeated line So darlin save the last dance for me has cover up of jealousy implied in the suggestion that the songs object could quickly forget who she arrived with at the dance in the first place. In Then He kissed me Greenwich uses the line And then he kissed me repeatedly. Every time she says that line, it confirms her love towards him, by describing the kiss as a turning point in her life. Both songs portray several similarities between the relationship of the man and his girlfriend, in which the composer also shows confidence toward their partner. Confidence seeps into your body. All that non-verbal communication, the way you walk, the way you stand, the eye contact you make, all comes from how you see yourself in your mind. If you dont have confidence in yourself, you cant have confidence in your relationship. And if you dont have confidence in your relationship, youll find it impossible to trust the other person. Word count: 502 words

Octaves and Decibels

Octaves and Decibels Octaves and Decibels Octaves and Decibels By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: Can you inform on the usage of . . . octave and decible?   I am of the opinion, that octave deals with human voice and decible deals with noise.   Both words, octave and decibel are terms of measurement. Octave derives from the Latin word for â€Å"eight† and decibel incorporates the Latin word for â€Å"ten.† The words can be used in various contexts. I’ll just address the uses suggested by the question. The words bel and decibel are units of measurement of sound intensity. A bel is A unit, equivalent to ten decibels used in the comparison of two levels of power in an electrical communication circuit. A decibel (db) is one tenth of a bel. â€Å"Bel† is a shortening of the name of inventor Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922). A bel is A unit, equivalent to ten decibels, used in the comparison of two levels of power in an electrical communication circuit. An octave in the musical sense is an interval embracing eight notes of the diatonic scale. Think of the Do-re-me song in Sound of Music. Doe- a deer, a female deer Ray- a drop of golden sun Me- a name i call myself Far- a long long way to run Sew- a needle pulling thread La- a note to follow so Tea- a drink with jam and bread That will bring us back to do oh oh oh The normal speaking range of the human voice is about 20-50 decibels. Sounds that go above that range become annoying, for example a vacuum cleaner (70 db). Noise becomes painful at 120 db. Sounds above 132 db lead to permanent hearing damage and eardrum rupture. In answer to the question, decibel refers to sound, pleasant or unpleasant, whether it originates in the vocal cords or elsewhere. NOTE: Although both the OED and Merriam-Webster give db as the abbreviation for decibel, Ive been informed by a technical writer that the standard abbreviation is dB. Sources: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Mosbys Medical Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary Online Etymology Dictionary Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowHow to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsWhat Is a Doctor?

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Reaction paper - Essay Example Thereafter, each of them goes their separate ways to attend to their tasks at home or in their offices. Competition causes individuals even in the seminary to think of themselves first in their social and academic endeavors. It takes discipline and effort to think as a team and foster a healthy give and take attitude. Chapter 9 of Bacher and Copper-White book, â€Å"Ministry Teams: Teeming with Talent,† throws some light on how to be involved as a team, specifically in a church scenario. According to Bacher and White a team â€Å"is not a church term...and a community that gathers for worship is not a team either.† A team is composed of a group of people that work together to accomplish goals that cannot be done by a single individual. In a church environment, there are various departments called ministries and each ministry has its own team - teams which can help build up the church and its ministries. In order for the team to be productive and successful, it is essential that each individual realize that to be part of a team, one should know how to develop trust, encourage open communications with one another, and be responsible for one self and the members know how to care for each other. This is because even the absence of one member can have a debilitating effect on the rest of the team. A team has some basic values. Broadly, these values are based on confidence and trust in each other. And based on this confidence and trust, each member of the team performs a distinct function. We may have intellectuals and talented people in our team, but without these values, it is not possible for the team to last. The individuals in the team are interdependent. No individual can be greater than the team. An individual may feel that the team cannot do with him. While this feeling is healthy, it does the individual no good if he is puffed up because of this feeling. Normally, a healthy team always has some replacement facilities. Also quite often, one may think that it

Alcoholics Anymous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alcoholics Anymous - Essay Example The group also aims to provide an atmosphere where individuals do not receive judgment for their alcohol problems or any mistakes they made in their lives. The goals are to change the mindset of the individuals and their way of thinking towards life. As mentioned above, the group aims to reduce the number of individuals suffering from alcoholism. The group is successful as it began with less than five members and now there are three different groups, with each one consisting of ten members. Furthermore, in the early days of the group, the program was male dominated. However, there are now females joining the program. The group also has many testimonies from members who acknowledge the way the group has helped them stay sober. The facilitators have similar leadership styles in the sense that they do not try to stamp their authority on the group. Their role is simply to modulate the process and ensure that the meetings take place systematically. The facilitators also have a motivational role and attempt to encourage, empathize and give suggestions to members of the group. The group has control over the direction each session takes, as they decide which aspect of the program they want to discuss. The therapeutic interactions can be seen between the facilitators and the individuals recovering from alcoholism. There is a therapeutic interpersonal relationship as the facilitators provide support psychologically for the members. There is also therapeutic communication as the facilitators respond to each patient differently. 6. Did you see any negative behaviors in your group? If so, explain their behaviors and the reactions from other members and facilitators. (For example someone who demoralizes others, someone who says nothing, or someone who completely monopolizes the group). There were no negative behaviors in the

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance Essay

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance - Essay Example There are some factors which effect the elasticity of supply one of which is the ease availability of resources (Boyes et al, 2008). Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of Good A with reference to price changes in Good B. Cross Elasticity is used to measure the degree of substitution between the two products i.e., how close the two goods are substitutes to each other. Again, if the Cross Elasticity Demand of Good A and B is elastic or of a greater value, the products would be close substitutes. A small change in the price of Good B would bring about greater changes in the demand for Good A and vice versa (Mushin, 2000). The formula for Calculating XED is: XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B = [(1750 – 1500)/1500] * 100 [(?11 - ?10)/10] * 100 =16.6% 10% = 0.6 If Sunsilk and Pantene a re taken into consideration, if the Price of Pantene changes by 10%, the demand for Sunsilk would change by more than 10%. This would give a comparatively higher value of XED and hence it can be deduced that Sunsilk and Pantene are close substitutes (Boyes et al, 2008; Mushin, 2000). Income Elasticity of demand is used to measure the nature of the product. If the demand of a product falls when people ‘s income rise, the product would be called an inferior good. In contrast, if the demand of a product rises with people’s income, the product would be called a normal good and vice versa, if the demand of a product falls when people’s income decrease, the product would be called a superior good (Boyes et al, 2008). The formula to calculate this is as follows: YED... Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance The method of calculation is the same as other elasticity of demand. Only the Price section has to be replaced with changes income, which would be [(New income – the Old income)/Old income] * 100. In order to maximize the revenues, firms must have the knowledge about the Income and Price Elasticity of their product. This is because when would plan to raise or reduce their prices to leverage their revenues, this might not prove to be fruitful it unless it is done strategically. If the demand for a product is price elastic, a rise in price would drive the consumers away as the demand would be more responsive to price changes and the consumers are bound to switch to cheaper substitutes. Secondly, if the prices are decreased and if the demand is price inelastic, the firm’s revenue would fall as there would be little reaction from the consumers. If high prices are set for price elastic goods, and low prices are set for price inelastic goods, the revenues would fall. Therefore firms need to know the products’ price elasticity so that it can accurately price its products in order to maximize its revenues. On the other hand, pricing strategies have to be set in accordance with the product’s Income elasticity of demand. If a rise in mass market’s income leads to a fall in demand, the product would have to be repositioned as a superior good pertaining to the profitability and would have to high priced for revenues to rise.

Strategic Management-Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Strategic Management-Case study - Research Paper Example They have been quite successful in providing a great experience to the consumers through their stores. The stores are planned at locations meant for social interaction among people between work and office. This particular strategy has helped Starbucks to attract a large number of consumers. Starbucks provided its consumers with a place where they could get together or meet people on a periodical basis when they were not working. This strategy followed with the idea of a leading brand of specialty coffee which is professed to be a reasonably priced luxury helped the company to fit in and promote the coffee culture among the consumers (Gambardella, 2009; Kachra, 1997). Starbucks has effectively recognized and projected itself to be a place apart from work and home where the consumers can indulge in some superior quality coffee and relax themselves. This image was developed by the company through proper planning of the stores and making them comfortable with the help of furniture and soothing music. Starbucks should adeptly leverage its capabilities as well as resources by offering an array of services along with the rich ambience. It should entail services like handicapped access, common spaces for the purpose of teamwork and alliance, wireless internet and also complimentary books (Gambardella, 2009; Kachra, 1997). They should also expand their menus in order to lead in the competition and to cater to the altering requirements of the consumers. Starbucks should keep bringing in fresh products. It should focus on expanding its stores at places where a high traffic is observed for the stores. Their stores need to be located at convenient places that would be easily accessible for people who are quite busy with their work schedule. Starbucks should also plan international advertising programs and venture into various distribution channels as well. Leveraging its resources and objectives through the suggested ways

Children with Intellectual Disability Research Proposal

Children with Intellectual Disability - Research Proposal Example The apparent impression discerning from literature surveys is that of lack of consensus. Cuskelly puts it forthright; the research studies dealing with psychological adjustment of the siblings of individuals with disability, gives an impression of contradiction, or confusion (1999). Another methodical advance of recent origin emphasizes quantitative research. This approach seeks to narrow the disagreements referred above through meta-analysis. The strategy used herein is to assess factors that produce inconsistencies, stemming from both, substantive and methodological. One popular approach of quantitative research is that of vote-count meta-analysis, which presents a tabulation of studies by their outcomes. Using this technique, Howe reviewed 21 studies to show that there appears to be a negative psychological impact on siblings of intellectually challenged individual (1993). However, even here, conclusions vary. Summers et.al, reported both positive and negative consequences on the sibling of an individual with disability (1994). The research problem embodies the research study, both in its scope and depth, and unambiguously defined (Fouche, 2005). In this study, the research problem is centered around the psychosocial effects on the siblings of individuals subject to intellectual disability. The World H... The prevalence of intellectual disability is generally estimated to be between 1-3% of the population. People with intellectual disability (PWID) represent a heterogeneous group with a varied range of highly complex needs, yet they remain among the most vulnerable members of society (O'Hara, 2008). The underlying rationale and principles of care for PWID have undergone radical changes in countries such as, USA, Europe, Australia and Canada over the past four decades. The focus is now on civil and human rights, with social inclusion and citizenship free from discrimination (Bouras, 2002). The emphasis has shifted to the movement towards integration, participation and choice with the development of community based facilities, and growing empowerment and self advocacy for PWID and their families (Tsuda, 2006). The family is seen as the most appropriate living environment for PWID, which is a function both of cultural values and availability of services (Special Olympics, 2003). In this context, this study shall identify with recommendations, the counseling and support needs of siblings of individuals with intellectual disability. The study shall also seek to integrate the current efforts of agencies, organizations and support groups with the findings of this study. Research Theme: The researcher has selected the following main themes for focused study, research, and analysis with regard to siblings of children with intellectual disability: a) Psychosocial risks: kind, intensity, short and long term effects b) Coping strategies and family support systems c) Society and community empathy, sensitivity and support systems d) Cultural impact; gender impact; ageing factor; in adapting strategies e) Positive spin-offs, if

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

HRM - Essay Example According to the organization, the employees should be highly engaged within the system as this would increase their work efficiency. The employees of the airline are aware that the organization is not only concerned about the satisfaction of the customers, but also about the employee security. SouthWest Airlines provides high job security to the employees to ensure their long term interest in staying with the organization. The compensation policies of the organization include heavy usage of collective payment for the performance. This policy is highly attractive for motivating the employees. The organization aims at hiring the candidates with the highest potential in order to improve the overall efficiency. Providing them with the appropriate training and development programs help them in adapting to the organizational culture, understand the pattern of job and finally, perform better. American Express Train is the member of the international niche of forty air links that perform th e task of carrying the flying passengers from and to the airports. It is renowned in terms of human resource and maintenance of employee relations. The human resource policies of AET are similar to the policies adapted by South West airlines to some extent. Although both the organizations possess different set of business strategies, yet the human resource policies for meeting the goals and objectives of the organizations are similar. Thus, the alignment of the human resource policies and practices with the business strategies is very important for improving the performance of the organization. As the economic environment is evolving in a rapid manner, the change results in the shift of demands of customers and investors along with increase in the product and market competition. For competing successfully within the environment, the organizations require to improve their performances constantly by means of cost reduction, product innovation, process innovation and improvement in pro ductivity as well as product or service quality. Performance of an organization consists of a broad concept including efficiency, productivity, effectiveness and competitiveness. Most of the researches have been done on the impact of the human resource management on the performance of an organization. In the year 1997, there had been a research conducted by Paauwe and Richardson which had encompassed thirty various studies in order to establish a relationship between the range of HR practices and the human resource management outcomes like, motivation, employee satisfaction, absenteeism, commitment and turnover. It had also focused on the relationship between these human resource management outcomes and the performance outcomes in the organizational level like, research and development, productivity, quality, customer satisfaction, profit and many other factors. Research has also been done related to the theories of human resource management and performances and the ways in which th ey are linked with each other. Organizational performance is based upon the effectiveness with which the services or products are being offered to the customers. The human resources of the organizations are responsible for designing, producing and delivering these services. Thus, the organizational performance is highly dependent upon the human resource management policies of the system as these policies determine the individual performances of these employees (Thussu and Freedman 22; Ruppel

Children with Intellectual Disability Research Proposal

Children with Intellectual Disability - Research Proposal Example The apparent impression discerning from literature surveys is that of lack of consensus. Cuskelly puts it forthright; the research studies dealing with psychological adjustment of the siblings of individuals with disability, gives an impression of contradiction, or confusion (1999). Another methodical advance of recent origin emphasizes quantitative research. This approach seeks to narrow the disagreements referred above through meta-analysis. The strategy used herein is to assess factors that produce inconsistencies, stemming from both, substantive and methodological. One popular approach of quantitative research is that of vote-count meta-analysis, which presents a tabulation of studies by their outcomes. Using this technique, Howe reviewed 21 studies to show that there appears to be a negative psychological impact on siblings of intellectually challenged individual (1993). However, even here, conclusions vary. Summers et.al, reported both positive and negative consequences on the sibling of an individual with disability (1994). The research problem embodies the research study, both in its scope and depth, and unambiguously defined (Fouche, 2005). In this study, the research problem is centered around the psychosocial effects on the siblings of individuals subject to intellectual disability. The World H... The prevalence of intellectual disability is generally estimated to be between 1-3% of the population. People with intellectual disability (PWID) represent a heterogeneous group with a varied range of highly complex needs, yet they remain among the most vulnerable members of society (O'Hara, 2008). The underlying rationale and principles of care for PWID have undergone radical changes in countries such as, USA, Europe, Australia and Canada over the past four decades. The focus is now on civil and human rights, with social inclusion and citizenship free from discrimination (Bouras, 2002). The emphasis has shifted to the movement towards integration, participation and choice with the development of community based facilities, and growing empowerment and self advocacy for PWID and their families (Tsuda, 2006). The family is seen as the most appropriate living environment for PWID, which is a function both of cultural values and availability of services (Special Olympics, 2003). In this context, this study shall identify with recommendations, the counseling and support needs of siblings of individuals with intellectual disability. The study shall also seek to integrate the current efforts of agencies, organizations and support groups with the findings of this study. Research Theme: The researcher has selected the following main themes for focused study, research, and analysis with regard to siblings of children with intellectual disability: a) Psychosocial risks: kind, intensity, short and long term effects b) Coping strategies and family support systems c) Society and community empathy, sensitivity and support systems d) Cultural impact; gender impact; ageing factor; in adapting strategies e) Positive spin-offs, if

English legal system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English legal system - Essay Example As far as a legal system is concerned the major influences that tend to play a part in respect of its development are the changing social, economic and cultural forces that tend to surround the system and are thereby prevailing. An important evaluation in this respect can be drawn from the decision-making processes, structure and organisation of the English legal system, and its relation with the differing social and economic forces that had been prevailing in that period of time. As far as culture and the so called cultural rules are concerned, it can be said with ease that these have played an important role in respect of decision-making, which can be seen from the period of William the Conqueror who introduced the concept of custom based rules and laws. The important thing that needs to be done at this point in time is to define the legal system, and for that a definition of law must also be presented. One vital point that needs to be mentioned here is that the term law and legal system have been used by many writers interchangeably but this can clearly be said to be a flawed concept. Aubert in his text ‘search of law’ (1983) stated the six functions of law to be â€Å"a means of governance; a way of shaping the behaviour of the citizens; a device for distributing resources and burdens in society; a method of safeguarding expectations, a method of dealing with conflicts and contributing to their solution; and an expression of ideals and values† This definition clearly requires the existence of a legal system per se as there would be no point in having such a definition in a non-existent legal system. As far as a comparison of English Legal System and other legal system is concerned it is necessary to differentiate between what is known as the ‘common law’ and ‘civil law’ the formed defines the English Legal System, the ‘adversarial’ and ‘inquisitorial’ process whereby investigation is ma de and the meaning of ‘equity’ and the reason for development of equity. There are number of things which tend to make the English Legal System stand out when compared with other systems, even though these might now only be on paper and not in implementation, these were and had played an important role in respect of the development of the English Legal System. The first and foremost distinguishing factor was the fact that since common law was existent in England, it had been to a maximum level if not totally in control of the judges and existed very little or no interference of legislation and the other fact was that the judges did not specifically take into account the differing jurisprudence. The second distinguishing factor for the English Legal System is that it has been thought to have its basis on common sense and is based on logic. The third distinguishing factor is the fact that the English Legal System is that arguably the system has law in respect of each and every situation, problem that is encountered in the legal system. Another important point that needs to be raised is that statutory interpretation was restricted to the statutes and nothing else that is not looking beyond the statute, however, it has been argued and clear that other sources have been used. The important feature which makes the